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The CTFL_Syll2018 exam is available in multiple languages and can be taken online or at a testing center. CTFL_Syll2018 exam consists of 40 multiple-choice questions and has a duration of 60 minutes. To pass the exam, candidates need to score at least 65% or higher. ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (Syllabus 2018) certification is valid for life, and there are no prerequisites for taking the exam.
The CTFL_Syll2018 exam covers a wide range of topics related to software testing, including the fundamentals of software testing, testing throughout the software development lifecycle, static techniques, test design techniques, test management, and tools support for testing. CTFL_Syll2018 exam is conducted in multiple-choice format and consists of 40 questions that need to be answered in 60 minutes. The passing score for the exam is 65%.
NEW QUESTION # 122
Which of the following would be a key difference between a peer review of code and static analysis of code using a tool?
- A. A peer reviews find failures while static analysis finds defects
- B. Static analysis targets the code technically whereas Peer review is applicable to further aspects.
- C. A peer reviews finds defects while static analysis finds failures
- D. Peer reviews cannot find missing requirements whereas static analysis can
Answer: B
Explanation:
A key difference between a peer review of code and static analysis of code using a tool is that static analysis targets the code technically whereas peer review is applicable to further aspects. Static analysis focuses on the technical aspects of the code, such as syntax, logic, complexity, quality, security, etc. Peer review can also address these aspects, but it can also consider other aspects, such as readability, maintainability, usability, functionality, etc. Peer review can also provide feedback, suggestions, or opinions from different perspectives or expertise levels. compares these two techniques as follows:
Static analysis tools are software tools that examine (analyse) source code without executing it. They are used by developers as part of their development environment for checking their code against coding standards (rules), finding syntax errors etc.
Peer reviews are manual checking activities where work products such as requirements specifications or code are examined by colleagues (peers) for defects.
A, B, and C are incorrect answers. A peer review does not find defects while static analysis finds failures (A), as both techniques can find defects but not failures. Failures are observed at runtime when executing the code.
Peer reviews cannot find missing requirements whereas static analysis can (B), as both techniques cannot find missing requirements but only check conformance to existing requirements. Missing requirements can be found by other techniques such as elicitation or validation. A peer review finds failures while static analysis finds defects, as both techniques find defects but not failures. Failures are observed at runtime when executing the code.
NEW QUESTION # 123
Which of the following statements is most true about test conditions?
- A. Applies to software testing only.
- B. An item or event of a component or system that can be verified by one or more test cases.
- C. The grouping of a composite set of test cases which, when tested as a whole, reveal a positive or negative result.
- D. A testable component derived from business requirements.
Answer: B
Explanation:
A test condition is an item or event of a component or system that can be verified by one or more test cases. A test condition can be derived from various sources of information, such as requirements, specifications, design documents, use cases, user stories, etc. A test condition can also be based on various aspects of a component or system, such as functionality, usability, performance, reliability, security, etc.
The other statements are not true about test conditions because they describe different concepts related to testing. For example:
* B. The grouping of a composite set of test cases which, when tested as a whole, reveal a positive or negative result: This statement describes a test suite, which is a collection of test cases that are intended to be executed together to achieve a specific test objective or goal.
* C. A testable component derived from business requirements: This statement describes a test basis, which is the source of information or data that provides the basis for designing and executing test cases.
* D. Applies to software testing only: This statement is false because test conditions can apply to any type of testing, not just software testing. Test conditions can also be used for testing hardware, systems, processes, etc.
You can find more information about test conditions in [A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level
2018 Syllabus], Chapter 4, Section 4.1.
NEW QUESTION # 124
What is a test condition?
- A. A statement of test objectives and test ideas on how to test.
- B. An item or event that could be verified by one or more test cases.
- C. All documents from which the requirements of a component or system can be inferred.
- D. The process of identifying differences between the actual results and the expected results for a test.
Answer: B
Explanation:
An item or event that could be verified by one or more test cases. A test condition is a general term that refers to anything that can be tested by a test case, such as a requirement, a function, a feature, a use case, a user story, etc. A test condition is derived from the test basis (the source of information for testing) and serves as an input for test design and test case creation. A test condition can be expressed in natural language or in a formal notation. A detailed explanation of test condition can be found in [A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus], pages 17-18.
NEW QUESTION # 125
Which of the following would NOT be a common metric used for monitoring test preparation and execution?
- A. Number of Test cases passed and failed
- B. Percentage of planned test cases designed
- C. Percentage of tasks complete in test environment preparation
- D. Number of test plan review comments
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 126
Consider the following Pseudo code:
How many minimum lea cases are required to cover 100% Statement coverage and Decision coverage?
- A. 1 for Statement. 2 for Decision
- B. 2 for Statement, 5 for Decision
- C. 5 for Statement. 1 for Decision
- D. 1 for Statement. 5 for Decision
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
To achieve 100% statement coverage, we need to execute every statement in the code at least once. To achieve
100% decision coverage, we need to execute every possible outcome of every decision in the code at least once. In this case, we can use the following test cases to cover both statement and decision coverage:
A = true, B = true
A = false, B = false
These two test cases will cover all the statements and all the possible outcomes of the decisions in the code.
Therefore, the minimum number of test cases required to achieve both statement and decision coverage is two.
References: Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus, Section 4.3.1
NEW QUESTION # 127
Which of the following test case design techniques is white box (structure-based)? [K1]
- A. State transition testing
- B. Use case testing
- C. Decision testing
- D. Equivalence partitioning
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Decision testing is a white box (structure-based) test case design technique1. White box (structure-based) test case design techniques are techniques that use the structure or logic of the source code as a test basis to derive test cases and measure test coverage1. Decision testing is a technique that uses decisions (or branches) in the source code as a test basis to measure the coverage achieved by a test suite1. A decision (or branch) is a point in the source code where the control flow can take two or more alternative paths based on a condition1. Decision testing requires every decision (or branch) in the source code to take both true and false outcomes at least once by a test suite1. Therefore, decision testing is a white box (structure-based) test case design technique.
NEW QUESTION # 128
Which statement about Static Testing is TRUE?
- A. Static testing must be conducted by users of the product being tested.
- B. Static testing can be applied to any work product that participants know how to read and understand.
- C. Static testing executes the code to verify the functionality is as expected.
- D. Static testing must only be applied to final work products that have been signed off.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 129
Given the following decision tables, what is the expected result for the test case listed below?
Test Case: Purchase a Toaster weighing 9kg for £10.
- A. Must pay in cash, no free delivery.
- B. Must pay in cash, free delivery.
- C. No need to pay in cash, no free delivery.
- D. No need to pay in cash, free delivery.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 130
Which of the following are correct tasks during "Test analysis and design"?
I. Designing and prioritizing test cases
II Identifying any required infrastructure and tools
III. Reviewing the test basis
IV Creating test data and preparing test harnesses
V. Writing automated test scripts
- A. I, II. Ill
- B. l, III IV
- C. II, III, IV, V
- D. I, ll
Answer: A
Explanation:
Test analysis and design is the phase of the test process where test cases and test data are designed and prioritized, based on the test basis and test objectives. Therefore, option C is correct, as it includes tasks I, II, and III. Option A is incorrect, as it includes tasks IV and V, which are part of test implementation and execution phase. Option B is incorrect, as it includes task IV, which is part of test implementation and execution phase. Option D is incorrect, as it does not include task III, which is part of test analysis and design phase.
References: [Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus], Section 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 131
Consider the following pseudo code:
1. Begin
2. Input X, Y
3. If X > Y
4. __Print (X, 'is greater than', Y)
5. Else
6. __Print (Y, is greater than or equal to', X)
7. EndIf
8. End
What is the minimum number of test cases required to guarantee both 100% statement coverage and 100% decision coverage?
- A. Statement coverage = 1, Decision coverage = 2
- B. Statement coverage = 3, Decision coverage = 3
- C. Statement coverage = 2, Decision coverage = 2
- D. Statement coverage = 2, Decision coverage = 1
Answer: C
Explanation:
The minimum number of test cases required to guarantee both 100% statement coverage and 100% decision coverage is 2. Statement coverage means that every statement in the code is executed at least once by the test cases. Decision coverage means that every possible outcome of each decision (such as if-else statements) is executed at least once by the test cases. To achieve both statement and decision coverage, we need to test two scenarios: one where X > Y and one where X <= Y. This will ensure that all statements and decisions are covered by the test cases. A detailed explanation of statement and decision coverage can be found in A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus, pages 61-671.
NEW QUESTION # 132
Which test level is concerned with testing the smallest bodies of software?
- A. Feature test
- B. Functional test
- C. Subsystem test
- D. Component test
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 133
A bank offers a savings account with various interest rates based on the current balance in the account. The balance ranges and respective interest rates are:
Using two-point boundary value analysis, which of the following sets of test Inputs provides the relatively highest level of boundary coverage?
- A. $5,00, $100.00, $500.00, $1,000.01
- B. $100.00, $100.01, $100.02, $500.00. $999 99
- C. $5.00, S100.00. S499.99. $1,000,00. $1,000.01
- D. $100.00. S500.00. $1,000.00. $1,000.01
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is A, as it provides the highest level of boundary coverage using two-point boundary value analysis. Boundary value analysis is a black-box test technique that focuses on the boundaries of input and output partitions1. Two-point boundary value analysis is a variation of boundary value analysis that uses only two values for each boundary: one just below the boundary and one just above the boundary1. In this case, the boundaries are the balance ranges that correspond to different interest rates. Option A covers all four boundaries using two values for each boundary: $100.00 and $100.01 for the first boundary, $500.00 and
$500.01 for the second boundary, $1,000.00 and $1,000.01 for the third boundary, and $5.00 as an invalid value below the lowest boundary. Option B covers only three boundaries using one value for each boundary:
$100.00 for the first boundary, $500.00 for the second boundary, and $1,000.00 and $1,000.01 for the third boundary. Option C covers only two boundaries using three values for each boundary: $100.00, $100.01, and
$100.02 for the first boundary, and $500.00 and $999.99 for the second boundary. Option D covers only two boundaries using one value for each boundary: $100.00 for the first boundary, and $1,000.01 for the third boundary, and $5.00 as an invalid value below the lowest boundary. References: 1, Section 4.2.3
NEW QUESTION # 134
A booking system for a city bus service prices its fares according to the time of travel:
* Peak-time tariff starts at 0600 and finishes at 1000 am
* Off-peak tariff applies during all other times of service
* The bus service does not operate between 2300 and the start of the next day's peak service Note that all times mentioned are inclusive.
When applying the equivalence partitioning test design technique, which of the following options, shows test case inputs that each fall into a different equivalence partition?
- A. 2400, 1000, 2301
- B. 1001, 1300, 2259
- C. 0600, 1000, 1200
- D. 0100, 0800, 2200
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
2400, 1000, 2301 are test case inputs that each fall into a different equivalence partition1. Equivalence partitioning is a black box test design technique that divides the input domain of a system into partitions of equivalent data2. Each partition should contain data that is expected to be treated the same by the system2. Therefore, only one test case input from each partition is needed to test the system's behaviour2. In this question, the input domain of the system is the time of travel, which can be divided into three partitions based on the fare rules:
Peak-time tariff: This partition contains all the times between 0600 and 1000 (inclusive), which are subject to a higher fare.
Off-peak tariff: This partition contains all the times between 1001 and 2259 (inclusive), which are subject to a lower fare.
No service: This partition contains all the times between 2300 and 0559 (inclusive), which are not valid for travel.
Therefore, to test the system's behaviour for each partition, we need to choose one test case input from each partition. Among the options given in this question, only D contains one test case input from each partition.
2400 belongs to the no service partition, 1000 belongs to the peak-time tariff partition, and 2301 belongs to the off-peak tariff partition. Therefore, D is the correct answer.
NEW QUESTION # 135
Which of the following is an example of black-box dynamic testing?
- A. Checking memory leaks for a program by executing it
- B. Coverage analysis
- C. Code inspection
- D. Functional Testing
Answer: D
Explanation:
Functional testing is an example of black-box dynamic testing. Functional testing is the process of testing the functionality or behavior of a software system based on its requirements or specifications. Functional testing does not require any knowledge of the internal structure or implementation of the system under test; it only focuses on what the system does rather than how it does it. Functional testing is also an example of dynamic testing because it involves executing the software system with selected inputs and observing its outputs and effects on the environment. Dynamic testing is different from static testing, which involves examining the software system without executing it, such as code inspection, static analysis, etc. You can find more information about functional testing and dynamic testing in A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level
2018 Syllabus, Chapter 21.
NEW QUESTION # 136
Consider the following pseudo-code
How many minimum test cases are required to cover 100% Statement coverage and Decision coverage?
- A. 4 for Statement, 5 for Decision
- B. 5 for Statement, 5 for Decision
- C. 8 for Statement, 6 for Decision
- D. 6 for Statement, 8 for Decision
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
To cover 100% statement coverage, we need to execute every statement in the code at least once. To cover
100% decision coverage, we need to execute every branch in the code at least once. The minimum number of test cases required to achieve both statement and decision coverage is 4 for statement and 5 for decision. Here is one possible set of test cases:
| Test Case | Input | Output | Statement Coverage | Decision Coverage | | TC1 | Walking = True, Midnight = False, Raining = False, Running = False | Take umbrella | S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 | D1-T, D2-T | | TC2 | Walking = False, Midnight = True, Raining = False, Running = False | Search light | S1, S2, S6, S7 | D1-F, D3-T | | TC3 | Walking = False, Midnight = False, Raining = True, Running = False | Take umbrella and search light | S1, S2, S6, S8, S9 | D1-F, D3-F, D4-T | | TC4 | Walking = False, Midnight = False, Raining = False, Running = True | Keep doing what you were doing | S1, S2, S6, S8, S10 | D1-F, D3-F, D4-F |
NEW QUESTION # 137
Given the following review process main activities and specific review activities:
a. Planning
b. Initiate review
c. Issue communication and analysis
d. Fixing and reporting
1. Creating defect reports
2. Estimating effort and timeframe
3. Recording updated status of defects
4. Selecting the people to participate
5. Distributing the work product and other material
6. Evaluating the review findings
Which of the following BEST matches the review process main activities with the appropriate specific review activities?
- A. 2-a, 4-b, 5-c, 1-d, 3-d, 6-d
- B. 2-a, 5-a, 1-b, 4-b, 3-c, 6-d
- C. 2-a, 4-a, 5-b, 6-c, 1-d, 3-d
- D. 1-a, 4-b, 5-b, 6-c, 2-d, 3-d
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct matching of the review process main activities with the appropriate specific review activities is as follows1:
* Planning: Estimating effort and timeframe (2), Selecting the people to participate (4)
* Initiate review: Distributing the work product and other material (5)
* Issue communication and analysis: Evaluating the review findings (6)
* Fixing and reporting: Creating defect reports (1), Recording updated status of defects (3) Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, and D are incorrect, as they do not match the review process main activities with the appropriate specific review activities correctly. References: 1, Section 3.2.2
NEW QUESTION # 138
Which of the following represents good testing practice for testers, irrespective of the software lifecycle model
used?
- A. They should be involved in reviewing requirements or user stories as soon as drafts are available
- B. They should ensure that the same test objectives apply to each test level
- C. They should start test analysis when the corresponding development level is complete
- D. They should minimize the ratio of development levels to test levels to reduce project costs
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 139
Which of the following is NOT an objective of testing?
- A. Finding defects
- B. Analyzing and removing the cause of failures
- C. Gaining confidence about the level of quality of the software
- D. Providing information for decision-making
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 140
How are statement testing and decision testing techniques similar?
- A. Both are black box test design techniques
- B. Both are experience-based testing techniques
- C. Both are specification-based testing techniques
- D. Both are structure-based testing techniques
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 141
Which of the following best describes the Black-box technique?
- A. It ensures all possible branches in the code are tested.
- B. It is based on the internal structure of the system.
- C. It can be done without reference to the internal structure of the component or system.
- D. It uses decision coverage for completeness.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 142
Tests have been specified for the latest software release and users have prioritised these.
However, there are some dependencies between tests as shown in the table below (e.g. Test ID. '123' cannot be run until Test ID. '456' has been successfully completed).
Which test execution schedule best meets the prioritisation and dependency conditions?
- A. 3, 5, 7, 10, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 1.
- B. 1, 4, 3, 5, 2, 7, 9, 10, 6, 8.
- C. 6, 1, 2, 9, 4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10.
- D. 5, 7, 4, 3, 9, 10, 1, 6, 8, 2.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
According to the syllabus, test execution scheduling is the process of assigning and ordering test cases or test procedures to be executed in a test cycle. Test execution scheduling should take into account the prioritisation and dependency of the test cases or test procedures, as well as the availability of test resources and environments. The answer B is correct because it best meets the prioritisation and dependency conditions given in the table. The answer B follows this logic:
Start with the highest priority tests that have no dependencies, which are 5 and 7.
Then, execute the tests that depend on 5 and 7, which are 4 and 3 respectively.
Next, execute the remaining high priority tests that have no dependencies, which are 9 and 10.
After that, execute the tests that depend on 9 and 10, which are 1 and 6 respectively.
Finally, execute the low priority tests that have no dependencies, which are 8 and 2.
The other answers are incorrect because they either violate the dependency conditions or do not follow the prioritisation order. For example, answer A executes test 2 before test 10, which is not allowed because test 2 depends on test 10. Answer C executes test 6 before test 9, which is not allowed because test 6 depends on test
9. Answer D executes test 1 before test 9, which is not allowed because test 1 depends on test 9.
References: [Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus], Section 5.3.1, page 60-61.
NEW QUESTION # 143
......
The CTFL_Syll2018 certification is ideal for individuals who are new to the field of software testing or those who wish to enhance their knowledge and skills in this area. It is also beneficial for professionals who work in related fields such as quality assurance, software development, and project management. ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (Syllabus 2018) certification is recognized by many organizations and can be a valuable asset for career advancement.
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